~be <tount)'! !Donegal 1btstorical Soctet)'! VOL. 1, NO. 3. Founded at Lifford, 1946 President · 1949-1950 CAPTAIN JOHN s. HAMILTON, D.L., Brownhall, Balintra Vice-Presidents : REV. DR. FURY, McDevitt Institute, Glenties REV· J. H. BEWGLASS, The Manse, Ballintrait; S. D. MacLOCHLAINN, Co. Manager, Lifford; CAPTAIN EAMON O'BOYLE, Marlborough Rd., Dublin. Council : 1949 Mrs. J. H. Bewglass, Mrs. Hugh Cochrane, Mrs. W. T. C. Cochrane, Miss Maire Gillespie, Very Rev. Charles Boyce, P.P., Very Rev. Walter Hegarty, P.P., Very Rev. Peadar Mac Loinsigh, P.P., Rev. E. J. Mullin, c.c., Rev. James MacLaughlin, M·A., Messrs. F. P. Britton, Rupert O'Cochlain, L. Emerson, W. Ross Henderson, J.P., S. P. Kerrigan, M.B., P. J. MacGill, N.T., Sean D. MacLochlainn, Liam MacMenamin, B·A., N.T., Seamus Ruadh O'Donnell, N.T., Dominick O'Kelly, B.A., B.PH., and Mrs. Creswell White, Sallybrook, Manor• cunningham. Honorary T reasur~r : LUCIUS EMERSON, Vocational Schools, Stranorlar. Joint Honorary Secretaries and Editorial Council: REV. H. BONAR, B.A., S.T.L·, St. Eunan's College, Letterkenny; LIAM MacMENAMIN, B.A·, N.T., Labadish, Manorcunnlngham; J, c. T. MacDQNAGH, B.COMM., :M.l·B.I., Ballybofey (Honorary Editor) ' 165
JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY LIST OF MEMBERS, 1948 THE PRESIDENT : CAPTAIN JOHN S: HAMILTON, D.L· Brownhall, Ballintra. W. G. Adams, Esq., Fabian Ho., Fahan. Miss Maude A1exander, Dromore, Raphoe. Miss Pearl Alexander, Dromore, Raphoe. Mrs. D. W. Anderson, Volt House, Ra;phoe. A. Miller Anderson, London. Miss 0. E. Atkinson, Cavan Garden, Ballyshan:non. Dr. M. Basti'bl!e, County M.O.H., Dublin. Miss E. M. Bennett, Fort Hotel, Grreenc.astle. Rev. J. H. Be!Wglass, BaHindrait. ::IV.Ors. Bewglass, BaUindrait. Rev. H. Bonar, S.T.L.. .Lett erkenny. Donal Bonar, Esq., B.D.S., Dunglow. Very Rev. Charles Boyce, P .P .. Ardara. Mrs. J . L. Boyd, Knocknamoe, Omagh. Countv Tyrone. F. Brady, Esq., B. Agric. See.. Lifford. P. F. Britton, Esq., Solici·tor, Donegal. Diannuid Brugh.a. Bundoran. Verry Rev. H. Boyle, P.P., R:at hmullan. Dr. J . Boyle, Airdara. Very Rev. P. Boyle. P.P., Termon. Mrs. A. Bustarrd, The vma, Clones, Countv Monaghan. P. Cia.nnon. Esq., LL.B., Dublin. Rev. Jas. Carr, C.C., Kdllybegs. CentJ:al Catholic Library, Dublin. Patrick Cleary, Esq., N.T., Broadpath. Rupert Cochla:nn, Esq., Rosslare, Co. We:&ford. Mrs. H. c. Cochrane, Litfocd. W. T. C. Cochrane, E:q:, Ed·enmore, Stra.norlar. Mrs. Y. Cochrane, Edenmore, Stranorlar. Rev. J. A. Coulter, Deirry. Rev. Dr. Cunnea, Letterkenny, County Donegal Men's Assoc., Dublin, £i3 as. J. M. Cradock, Esq., Welchtown. D. J . Crossan. Esq., Ballyibo!fey . A. A. Campbell. Esq., F.R.,S.A.l., Miss Nora 10unningham, K1llymard Ho., Donegal. Miss Janet Cunningham, KHlymard Ho.. Donegal. Belfast. P. Dallas. Dallaghan. ESQ., Ba.llybofey. Rev. T. Doherty. C.C.. Convoy. w. J. Doherty, F.sq., BaMma.glack. Frank Dunleavy, Es(i., B'allybof•ey. Lucius Emerson, Esq., Ballyshannon. J:as. Faughnan, Iliq., Ardani... 166
JOURNAL OF' THE COUNTY DONEGAL HIS:TORICAL SOCIETY 'rh<nne.s Faughnan. Esq., Letterkenny. Rev. Dr. Fury, Glenties. Rev. Bro. Gabriel, Letterkenny. F. L. Gailey, Esq., Solicitor, Ballymoney, C<>. Antrim. Francis Gallagher, Esq., Vocational School, Stranorla:r. W. G. Galtagher, Esq., Grianan, Castleful. Dr. J. Gallagher. Jersey, Channel Islands. Patrick Gallen, Esq., Clonma.ny. F. Gibney, Esq., A.M.T.P.I., Merrion Square, Dublin. Miss Maire Gillespie, Batlyshannon. P.rutrtclr Gallagher, Esq., Dunglow. D. Gallagher, Esq. , Foster Ho., Raphoe. Dr. G. Goodall, Ph.D., Ramelton. Mrs. Goodall, R:ameliton. Dr. John Gormley, St:Nµio:rlar. Rev. A. Gwynn, S.J., Duiblin. Capt. J . s. Hamilton. £1 ls. Mrs. J . s. Hamilton, Brown Hall, BaUintra. Dr. H. Hannigan, Stockton-on-Tees. J. J. Hannigan, Esq., B.E. . Monaghan. Miss Lil Hannigan, Dubl'in. J. A. Hairvey, Es., N.T., Drum~ee;i. Cahir Healy, Esq., M.P., Enmsk1llen. Very Rev. W. Hega.rty, P.P., Culdaff. W. Ross Henderson, Esq., J .P., Newtownstew:art. J. P. Herdman, Esq., Glenmore Lodge, Welchtown. Mrs. J. c. He:rdman, Sion Mills, Co. Tyrone. Mrs. o. E. G. Hollinger, Ballymore. The Venerable ATchdeacon ·Homan, Raphoe. P. Hynes, Esq. . M . .A:.., Letterkenny. , A. J. Lrwin, Esq., D.L., Glenfern, Co. Derry. Very Rev. J . Kelly, P.P. . Kilmac:renan. Sei-gt. T. Keon, . G.S., Ardar.a. Dr. S. P. Kerrigan. Liffocd. Miss Annie KeN, Tamney. The Venerable Archdeacon Kerr, P.P., Gartahork. T. P. Kinder. ESQ .. Ballyibofey. Rev. Richard laird, Airdstraw, Co. • Tvrone. J. S. ·Lancaster. Tuq. . Ball'V'bofey. Rev E. Long. D.D., Drumkeen. AndT·e!W Lowrv. Esq., Agrev, Ballindrait. Frank Maguire, ESQ., Main St;reet. Letterkenny. P. Maguire, Esq., Coola.dawson. Sean Men-y, EsQ .. B.E.. Ballyshannon. c. D. Milli~n. Esa.. Derrv. Verv Rev. Dr. Molloy. P.iP. . Dunglow. William Moore. Esa., Ballvbofey. -Rev. E. J. Mullin. C.iO.. Clog;han. T. P. Murohy, ~.. !Hibernian Bank Ho. . Kilkenny. E. McAteer. ~ .. M.P. . Derry. J. J. McCabe, Esq., A:rdara. F. Mccarroll. EsQ., Derrv. Br.ian MacCathlbh:aid. Kilcar. Dr. J,as. MoCloskev (deed.). Carrickarl. J. C. T. Macl)onagh, BallV{bofey. Rev. J. A. McDonald. Port.salon. P. McDevitt. Esq., Stranakev1in Ho., Glenties. H. P. McElhenny, Esq., Glenveigh Castle. P. J. MaicGm, Esq., Woodhill Ho., Ardara. Dr. J. P. McGinley. Letterkenny. Jonn McOlinchey, Esq., N.T., Raphoe. . 167 Daniel MicGiinchey, Esq., Me-enbogue, Cloghan. Hugh McGU;inness, F.sq., Anchor Bar. Movme. Mrs. Patrick McHugh, N.T.. Ardara. E. Macintyre, Esq., Lifford. J. F. MacLaughlin, Esq., N.T., Gloghan. Rev. James MacLaughlin, M.A., Letter~ kenny. J . D. MacLochlainn, Esq., Lifford. Very Rev. P. MacLoi.ngsigh, P.P., Aghyaran, CO. Tyrone. Rev. A. McLoone, Letterkenny. Seamus Ma.cManus. Li.am McMenamin. E<lq., B.A., N.T., Lrubadisb. Jas. McMenamin, Esq., Co.C., Ballyoofey. Sean (Ban) MCMenamin, Esq., Glenties. Rev. Ernan McMul1in, B.D., B.Sce., Stranorlar. Very Rev. M. McMul:lin, P.P., Ca:rrigiart. Very Rev. P. Canon MCIMullin, P.P., Donegal. J . B. McNulty, ~ .• sol:icitor, Raphoe. R. B. McNulty, Esq., Lifford. Captain Ea.mon O'Boyle, Dublin. £1 ls. Andrew O'Boyle, .Esq., Stranorla.r. Patrick 0 Brogain, F.Sq., Dublin. Sean 0 Cinneide, O.S., Dun~low. Se1an o Domhaill. M.E., Dublin. Niall O Domhnaill. Dublin. Jas. O'Donnetl. /Eso., N.T., Meenbanad. John O'DonneU, Esq., Main Street, Ardara. Patrick O'Donnell, Esq., oamus, Ballybofey, Dr. Jas. o Duilearga, Universi·ty College, Dulblin. District Justice O'Hanraha.n, Bal1yshannon. Domnick O'Kelly, Esq., B.A.. · Lifford. D. J. O'Sullivan, Torv Island. Queen's UniverSiity, Belfast. Royal Lrish Academy, Duiblin. CAim Johnston Robb, Esq., Ballinahinoh, Co. Down. R. Savage, Esq,, Torv Island. Dr. R. Simmington. P.R.O., Dublin. M. T. J. $1evdn, Esq., B.E.• Ballvbofey. Patrick Stevens, Esq., Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Harrv PereivM swan, Esq., M.R.I.A.• Buncrana. Daniel Sweeney, Esq., Dungloiw. J. Johnston Sweeney, Esq., New York, U.S.A. G. E. Troup. EsQ.. 23 Cluny Drive, Edinburgh, Scotland. 8. Ua Ra~hallaig. s.CR.. Dublin. captain W. H. Wagentrieber, Lifford. Mrs. A. M. Walker, Summer-hill. Bal:lvlbof ev. Dr. C. Ferguson Wa.Jke.r, Kilca.dden, Killvgordon: Louis Walsh. Esq. • Solicitor, Glenties. P. J. Ward. Esq.. County Registrar, T,Uford. A. M. West. ESQ .. Loch Eske. Donet?al. Mrs. Wheeler, Cloghan Lodge, C'o. Donegal. Mrs. Creswell White, Sall'ybrook, Manorcunningham. H. Vere White. Esq.. RosSbeg, Lifford. Mrs. P. WhitelalW. Stranorlar. Mrs. Henrv WVatt. Rockfield, Stranorla·r .
JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY THE WOOLLEN INDUSTRY l(PAlR.T I.) BRONZE AGE WOOLLENS. SPINNING and weaving are . coeval wit~ civilisation. iAt what p.enod our ~emote ancestors reached this stage is not known, but it is certain that the ancient Irish .possessed an advanced knowledge of :these arts. We have reliable proof of this from a find made at Airthe·ar !Maige, County Antrim, some years ago. This was a h'Oard of bronze obje1cts of the fifth period of the. bronze age, wrapped in a woollen cloak which had been preser:ved from total .Q.estruction •by .the antiseptic action of the ibog. The destgn was herring-bone, the warp· white and the weft dark-coloured, and the whole presenting ·an appearance hardly di:ff.erent from the herringbones of the present day. The elaborate · workmanship of the hors•e-hair fringe which /bordered it was in itself a work of art,' :and would repay :the closest scrutiny. "It gi·v1es us a very high opinion of the ingenuity of the artificers in textiles of the fifth period of the <bronze age."* 1 DYEING IiN ANCIENT TIMES Not only were the :Andent Irish spinners and weavers, ,but they possessed a deep knowledge of dyeing and the mixing of dyes to produce different shades. They were also acquainted with the use of mordants (such as alum) for making the dyes fixed and permanent. !BLACK was .got from a sediment o{ intense blackness found at the bottom ot certain bogs, chips of oak were added to tYcm. ,3a,y{ie6~ S"tm.e6 ~c IDcneg.a.{ R·cm.e6pu.n by P. J. McGILL . produce a glossy black, This sediment was known as "doo-·ach,''* and it was so important that it has given its name to townlands 1and districts all' over the oountry. We have many such names as; Pulladooey, Sradooey and Meenadooey. ORIMSION was produced ·bY a plant called "roid" which required care·- ful attention in a garden. BLUE was got .from "wioad,'P' called in Irish "gl1ashe·en,'' and, Ulre "roid," required careful cultiv!ation. It was later supplanted by indigo. 188 In one of the1 papers of an iirish manuscript now in Turin is a p1assage written by a:r;i Irish hand in the -beginning of the ninth century which proves that at that early time the Irish were acquaintea With the art of dyeing P:UIRPW iby meaps of a lichen. A beautiful purpl-~ was also obtained from shell-fish.. This was the dog-whelk to Which. I referred· in my paper ait Dooey in August, 1947. This dye was produced in very small quantities, and for that reason was very expensive. · In olden times1 on the Contfnent it was worth 1thirty or forty times its weight in gold. Partly for this reason and partly for its •beauty it has been designated a royal or imperial colour. This art of dyeing was continued from generation to generation, and even in the •thirteenth, fourteent;h and fifteenth centuries "Oatelonian manufacturers' who rivalled the skill of the lF'lor·entines, sought the secret of !Irish ·colours as w.eU' ·as o.f their faibrics.'' * Not connected wit•h the Gaelic word "dumhaclh," which means sand dune.
.JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY OOFERENCES FROM ANCIENT IRISH UTEBATURE Our Ancient Irish literature contains many references to fancy cloaks and coloured .garments.· In the Ulster ·army as descriibed in the Tai:n Bo Cuailgne. the~e were "some red cloaks; others with light blue c10·aks; others with deep !blue cloaks; others ·with gr.een or ·blay or white, or yellow cloaks, bright and fiutter'i.ngi fabout them; and there is a young, red, freckled lad with a crimson cloak in their midst." King Tigermus ruled many centuries before the ChrisUan era, and we are told that he made exact regulations for the wearing of colours by the di:ffierent ranks of his subjects. A slave was to be dressed in clothes Of one colour, a peasant in two and so on up to a king or an olla~e. all of whom were privileged to wear six. Again, we are tiold that in the seventh century King Domnan sentamanycoloured tunic to his foster son, Prince Congal, "like Joseph's coat of many colours."2 TltADE WITH }10RE1GN LANDS For centuri·es before the Norman invasion <H69) Irish traders were to be .found in the ·marts and markets of English cities. They sold "friezes and s:erges, cloth white and red and russet and green.'r Their cloaks and mantles were of such superior quality that they were regarded as worthy gift,s from one English nobleman to another. And a certain S'ir T. Heneage when building a new house wrote for a dozen of the light1est Irish rugs that can be got "to lay upon beds."3 The finest Spanish wool was imported for the· making of the best faibncs'. It was not in England alone that our textiles were famous, tut throughout the greater :part of Europe. Fine Irish "saia" or serge was used in \Naples in the thirteenth century as trimming for" the robes of the king and queen. ''Staia d'Irianda" clothed the nobles of tBo}ogna, of Genoa, of Como and of Florence. It was famous in Southern Spain, and found a ready market in France and along the towns of the RJhine. At Bruges and :Antwerp and in t'h,.e !Blralbant fairs the Irish sold both a lowp.riced cloth and th.e famous serges, Irish cloaks and linen sheets.3 ANCIENT TWEED MARKS In 1282 a law was enforced in the markets of !Flanders whereby the cloth of each country had to ibear a distinguishing mark on the first f olct. The English had three crosses, the Scotch two, the Irish one, and the Flemish half-a-cross. It may be that the Harris trade mark which is a cross mounted on an orb had its origin in this ancient enactment.3 JEALOUSY OF ENGLISH MANUFACTURERS The popularity of Itish cloth on the Continent caused no small· amount of uneasiness. to the woollen trade in England. IBY sell1ng at lower prices cloth of a superior quality the Irish had :already completely cap·tured the markets of Bruges and other ·towns. The English were not prepared. to give up without a struggle and a long and bitter confiict ensued. An improvemen~ in quality accompanied by a reduction in price would seem well-nigh impossible under present conditions, but in these dark and evil days,.when the worker, more often than not, received less consideration than a beast of burden, it was not so difficult to accomplish. And English manufacturers in the violence of the struggle ·were not aibove resorting to kidnappings and sl.a very to gain the1r ends. 169 BRISTOL SLAVE TRADE, 1439 The town of Bristol is· deserving of special mention for its prominence in this terrible race. The story of its slave markets of 1439 is vividly told in the "taed Book of Bristol." The greedy manufactu:r:ers of the town c:~st Jealous eyes a·cross the Channel to the trained workers of Ireland, "rivals of Catalonians and Florentines,'' and for '1profit, provoked \and, stirr:ed Ui'P divers merchants and others to bring into the town strian:gers and aliens no·t born under the1 king's obeisance, but rebelli:ous, which has· been sold to them, as it were, a heathen people, who were received
JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY and put in occupation of the craft of weavers: And these strangers and aliens were so ,greatly multiplied and increased within the town of Bristol that the king's lieg:e people within the town and in other parts were v1agrant and unoccupied, ·and may not have their labour for their living."* 3 THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES, tf>63 The struggfo ;between the manufacturers of .both countries continued during the retgns ot Henry VII and !Henry WI[ and reached its height under E'l.imbeth, when the Spanish Governor fotibade English cloth to come into the !Flanders market. The English were determined that the Irish should not ibe allowed to· take advantage· of this ·opportunity so they resolved to seize Irish wool, suppress Irish shipping, and ·ex>nfiscate :the whole woollen trade of Munster. In 1571 "E'lizabeth ordered that no one should export doth or stuff made in Ireland except a merchant living in a staple town, with, however, a special exception in favour of ·English merchants or strangers· who might receive cloth .in exchange for their own wares, and take it away with them. Meanwhile great quantities of yarn were carried to Eng'land. . . ." The Irish Parliament made a feeible protest against the e~port of yarns, and the consequent enfor:ced idleness of Irish weavers, but all to no purpose. A special lioenc·e was granted to ·English dealers to transport wool and yarns for the EngUc;h manufacturers. Some of the highest officers of the English Court were engaged in the tramc: amangst these were Lord Chancellor Gerard, his brother-in-law, the Master of the Holls, w:alsingham, Christopher Hatton, Lord !Deputy Fitz:william and many others. 3 After ten years the licence was withdrawn owing to· the abuses o·f the dealers, many of whom made immense fortunes, ·often by fraud and deceit, of which even the queen was a victim. But it had done its work in so far as the industry in Ireland was concerned. This country was drained of its yarns, which helped to •employ thousands of weavers in Manchester and else170 where while Irish craftsmen went idle and in poverty;3 Of the reign ot Elizabeth Professor George O'Brien says: " . . . Whatever may hav'e been the economic conditions of [rela.nd in the sixteenth century the whole economic structure of society was broken down by the disastrous Eliza1bethan wars. During the last quarter of the sixteenth century the country was deliberately and systematic.ally devastated, and farms were wasted and farm houses razed to the ground, and trade was completely par·alysed. :When peace was at last declared on the access!.on of .James I a. fresh start had to be made in Ireland. 7 • PAR.T II The pe·riod of the reigns of ·the first two Stuarts in the seventeenth century was a time of orderly and r;apid economic: progress in Ireland. These sovereigns with their representatives her·e worked strenuously to increase the wealth of Jreland as a preliminary to the augmentation of the royal revenue. Their moti"Ves were purely selfish, and ·they ·gave little or no thought to the interests of this country or its people. The vice-royalty of went,worth in the reign of Charles I may be taken as an example: Irish industri·es w<;.re vigorously pushed ahead. The linen industry espec.ial1y was ex- · tended and improved, and the foreign trade of the country was helped hy the measures adopted to clear the sea of pirates. But all this had one object, the advancement of the pecuniary interests of the king. Previous to this·\England had been obliged to purchase linen from her enemies, .HoUand,. Spain, and France. By ha:ving a plentfful supply at a cheap rate in Ireland she c13uld sav.e .cons.iderably, and at the same time strike a ;blow at the industries of her enemies. • The Irish woollen industry was suppressed with the same vigour as the others were pushed ahead. Irish manufacturers were ex-eluded from foreign markets, and in a short time our woollen trade was confined to the supply of rough
.JotntNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY materials .for the home marke·t. The half.,..hearted petitions of thei.,AngloIrish Parliament were of no avail. Later, howev'er, when England s.aw that she had got the upper hand, and need have no fear of further competition from Ireland, she alfowed the erection of s·tapiles at Dublin, Cork, Drogheda, Galway, Limerick, Carric.kfergus, ·and Derry. The object of this was to prev:ent Irish wool 'being sent to bier rivals _JFrance and S.pain. 7 REBELLION OF 1641 The !Rebellion of rn41, followed as it was lby twenty years ofl war, famine and plague, destroyed not only our struggling wooHen industry :but "the whole economic. f a·bric of the country was 1i:>'ractical1y annihilated. "7 THE RF;STO!RATION The reign of Charles II was no improvement on that of the previous Stuarts. As before, Irish trade was fostered with a vierw ..to increasing the royal revenue. Heavy Customs duties were imposed on Irish woollens. This had the desired effect of keep;ing them cut of the English market until the Irish were no longer, a:ble· to compete with any hope ·of success. 'i NAVIGATION ACT, 1660 What was still left of our ~port of woollens was further h1nd·ered by the Navigation Acts which provided that the ·colonial carrying trade should lbe confined to English ships, that the master and threefou:rths of the ·Crew ·should ·be E,pgUsh; and that their return cargoes should be unladen in lmngland. In 1673 "Sir 1William Temple in a true English sense oi humour advised the Irish to .give· up. the manufacture of wool altogether, even for their own needs, because 'it tends to interfere prejudicially with the English woollen trade.'"* .5 REVOLUTION OF 1689 The woollen industry was so firmly rooted in the soil of Ir:eland that it was almost impossible to eradicate it. Riestrictions, no matter how seYere, only curtailed it for a time, but it sprang into vigorous growth with every little breathing space. rt was again :progressing steadily after the war of the 'forties when it was once more disrupted by the Revolution of l689~the War of !King iWilllam and King James. This campaign was not so disastrous in itself as that of 1641, and the country might soon have recovered were it not for the "war after war" which followed.7 For over three·-quarters of a century Ireland groaned under · the weight of laws :as severe "a.s ever ;proceeded from the ;perverted ingenuity of men." The king was no longer ian absolute ruler. His power had been definitely limited, and iParUament was now the determining voice, and Parliament did not forget the part :played by Ireland on lbehalfi of King James. Consequently this country felt the full force of its hostility. Irish exports continued to raise the ire of English woollen manufa:eturers who were !firm believers in the theory that Ireland's wealth meant ,England's poverty.7 A campaign for the de&truction of the Irish woollen trade was set on foot. Various petitions towards this end were presented .to .th·e Lords and Commons who were only too ready to subscribe to the j ealous:es and ilUberal vieiws of t~e petitioners. In response to this campaign the ;Lords sent the following petition to the kin~', .which, even if he so desired, he could not a.fford to reject. 8 LORDS' PNJ,'ITION TO THE: KING "We, the Lords, spiritual and temporal, in Parliament assembled, Do represent unto your Majesty, that the growing manufacture of cloth in Ireland, both by the cheapness of all sorts of necessaries of Life, and goodness of materlals for making all manner of cloth, doth invite your subjects of' England, with their families apd servants, to leave their habitations to settle . there to the increase of the woollen mani{facture in Ireland, which makes your loyal subjects in this kiri.gdom very apprehensive that the further growth iof it may greatly prejudice the said manufacture here; by which the trade of this nation and the value· of lands will very much decrease, and the numbers of your people lbe much lessened here; M7herefore we do most humbly 1beseach your most sa.cred 171
JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY Majesty that your Majesty would bi:! :pleased. in the most puibUcik an:d effectual way, that may lbe, to declare to all your subjects of Ireland, that the growtp and increase of the cwoollen manufacture tnere, bath long, .and will ever be looked upon with great }ealousie,_ by all your subjects of thiS' kingdom: And if not timely remedied, may oc·casion very stri·ct laws, totally to . prohibit and suppress the same, and on the other hand if they turn their industry !and skill, t;o the settling and improving the linen manufacture, for which generally the lands of that kingdom ar·e very proper, they shall receive all coun·- tenance, favour, and protection from your royal influence for the encouragement and promoting of the said linen manufacture to all the advantage and profit · that Kingdom can be capable of'." The !Lord Steward reported that the King had anl\Vered in the following terms: "That his· Majesty will take care to do what their Lordships hav.e desired. ASHLEry COWPER, Clerk Parli:amentor." In answer to a similar address from the Commons .the king re·- plied: . "I shall do an that in me lies to discourage the woollen manufacture in Ireland, and to encourage the linen manufacture there; and to •promote ~he trade of England." THE FINAL ONS·LAUGHT, 1698 By the Act of 1698 the English woollen manufacturers had their wishes fully realised. It forbade the Irish to send out .any woollen goods to any place except England (from which they were virtuaUy · excluded by prohibitive tariffs) under .penalty of forfeiture of the goods, and ·of the ship that carried them, and £500 fine. · This enactment brought disaster to the country and starvation to 42,000 families, nearly all of whom were Protestants, for the industry had passed from the Catholics 172 years ibefore. In reference to the situation thus ereated !Professor George O'Brien writes·: "The suppression of fae woollen industry was the most important landmark in the whole economic history of Ireland; H did more to shape the course of l'rish economic life in succeeding years than any single event, and was the most 'fruitful source of the dr:eadful distre·ss that characterised: the eighteenth ~entury." 7 DEPARTURE OF WEAVERS England had won a pyrrhic victory. The single competitor had been removed from the :field only to be r.eplaced by competition from Friance, Holland and almost every country in Europe. Much to England's regret thousands of Irish weavers received a hearty welcome from those countries working up their woollen trade, and England's continental market declined frr.1m that hour. SMUGGLING-WOOL ~ND WINE Sheep-rearing was then one of the chief agricultural pursuits. In 1672 it was estimaited that there were 4,000,000 sheep in · Ireland. Since export was pr;ohiibited the disposal of a large quantity of surplus wool presented a difliculty. France and other countries required large quantities of our wool for admixture with the1r own. The result was that the smuggling of Irish wool to the Continent became rif.e. "In one year no less than forty ships left Ireland with wool ostensibly bound for England, but actually bound for France." l\tfany other contraband-laden vesselS of which there was no recm"d glided in and out of secluded creeks !between Donegal and Kerry. A.11 classes of people, merchants, gentry and peasants, .took par't in the work. The country was' soon flooded with French !Wine in payment for the wool, and "the system worked the ·extremity of mischief commercially, socially and poliUcally ." 6 Its one great advantage was that it kept the woollen industry alive, for without it, the Irish farmer would have turned from sheeprearing, and the whole industry
JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY ·OONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY would have died a certa.in death. But the smuggler pt1eserV'ed its ex,.. ist.ence for almost one hundred years, and when Free Trade permit.ted a resu~ption of work there w.as a plentiful supply of wool in t;he ·country. 6 PEBIOD OF ·GRATTAN'S PARLIAMENT, 1779-1800 While Irish trade and industry generally made extrao·rdinary strides during the period of Grattan's Parliament the woollen Industry made little progress. There were too many obstacles in the way of a large scale revival. Ireland had lost the' ar.t of making the finer materials and had forgotten the method of dyeing. England with her modem machinery could sell woollens in !Ireland at a price' too low for 1the Irish to compete,. The Irish woollen industry strug:gled on, but its hey-day ha<J passed, and it existed only as the ghost of its former greatness. THE UNION, 1801 The Commerdal clauses of the Vnion provided that on a.nd after lst .January, 1801, all articles produced or manufactured In either country should be imported from ea-eh to the other, free of duty, but the· existing dutiies on woollen good~· imported into I'reland were to ibe retained for :a period of twenty-one ye:ars. This respite W'3$ of little advantage to ·the Irtsh wooUen trade competing as it was against mass production from across the Channel. In 1810 !Wakefield found that it existed principally as .a domestic industry ·carried on to provide the immediate wants of the peasantry, and that it did. not exist on any large s·c.a.le. "In the ma.nufactur.:. ing of their cloth and stuffs," he c·ontfnues, "these poor people display great ingenuity: instead of using oil in the weaving, they extract in the summer time the juic:e of the fern root wMch they find to answer the purpose, ·and for dye..; ing they employ the indigenous vegetalble productions of the country, such '8.S twigs Of the alder, walnut or oak trees, alder.berries and so on." In 1823 the protective tariffs were removed and on ·the heels of 173 . -- · -) ... . thts came a t.errible slump ln_ ·t.he woollen ·industry in atgland. A~cumulated stocks were thrown on· the market at ruinous prices. It fiooded the Irish market and there was· no power to keep It out. The result was unemployment and .starvation tor those dependent on it for a Uvelihood. Dr. Kane in "Industrial Resources of Ireland" <1'845) estimares the sheep population of Ireland at that period as aibout 'two million, and states that· great quantities of wool were exported particularly, to iFrance, and that several French houses had established agencies for the more direct purchase of the wool. · W!t.J) referenee to manufacturing, he says: "At present ~e woollen trade dQe8 not form an exception ·to the general stagnation ot . Industry, which is so unfortunately characteristic of this countr1." PARTW DONEGAL HOMESPUN "TlliE hand-spinning and weav .. .1nig . of home-1grown wool ha.Y.e survived 'i!I'om ·ea;tlle.st itime~ !n certain parts of ·the Gaeilltachit, chiefly W·est and South· Donegal, Conniemara, and isollated parts of Kerry :and Wesit Cor:k. Exoea:>•t in Dcme,g.aJ. .the eX'im.enoe of .this industry in recent ·times in aD.l these d!Lstrfots hia;ve been mainly to sUJPPlY the loca.1 ·cfema.nd for hom<eapuns. In Don·egal an important industry existed for many years and ga.ve employment to a great many spinners, weavers, etc." 12 <From Repor·t ot Gaeltaeht Commission, 19'25). The location of the industry on the isolated headlands of the west coast g1 ves further proof of the e:trect of smuggling which accord,.. ·1ng to tradition persisted lon·g a.fter the advent of Free Trade. The older generation had many ·tales of adventures associated with the traffic. A small creek called :Pollaniska. on the west coast of eueveatooey figures prominently in these stories. The nooks ln which ke.gs of wine were placed and the if:lags on which rolls of tobacco were laid are· still known to residents of the district. Men carried these goods in creels
JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY on their backs to KillY:begs, and Ardara, and even as far as Donegal town. When the outlet through smuggling channels ceased homespun was sold at fairs throughout Donegal and the adjoining counties. About thirty years ago old men in Ballina told me that they rememlbered in their youth a Donegal man, with a white horse, who sold homespuns, white and gray, a.t the fairs of North Connaught. Occasionally dealers came to the district to buy small lots. Amongst these was the ready-tongued !Peggy an Asail* from the Gortahork district whose witticisms were the delight of the · ·country-side 1back in the 'sixties. In 1870 the late Neil Mc1Nelis, founder of Neil MC!Nelis & Co., started business in Ardara as a grocer and hotel-keeper. Forseeing the possibilities of the homespun industry he set out to se·cure mar~ets and met with a fair amount of success. Institutions were the 1biggest purchasers. His principal difficulty was the 1a·ck of variety in the materials he had to off.er. T1he lb,uilk of the ip1r10tduction was white with an occasional silver grey <made :by mixing black sheep's wool with white). ·With the exception of indigo, used solely for home wear, it would seem that the art of dyeing had ibeen completely lost. And the fact that "bawneen'' (from ban, meaning white) is the only Gaelic word used in .Donegal to designate homespun .would indicate that our cloth for centuries back had been made from virgin wool. Then about 1884 1Dr. Ernest Hart of London (1Editor and owner of the British !Medical Journal) ana. Mrs. Hart came to Donegal to investigate conditions in the povertystricken congested areas. 'I'he potentialities of spinning and weaving as a means of livelihood for these poor people attracted ·their attention. They ·came to the conclusion that if Donegal homespun had the ·colouring of Harris tweed it would readily !become a mar!k·etalb~e commodity. Tih1ey selected the late Daniel Tlghe from T~he Gllem. Glent1:es, to 16,0 to Har:rii.s to study the methods of dyeing in use there. On his return he was sent to Gweedore, but on ·the ad174 viee of Mr. Mc.Nelis and others he was soon transferred to Sbuth Donegal which was ,a. more' :fe·rtile field for his labours. [)r. Hart died about this time, but -the work. was continued by his wife who sacrific·ed most of her-· l~rge .personal fortune to the' enterj)rise. In 1887 she prevailed on the ·British Guvernment to take an interest in the project. They .ga:ve her .a grant ·of £11,000 with which she established a war·ehouse-,Donegal House -in Wigmore Street, London, W.1. Iit ob:e1cta1me a 1eentre Olf attraction for home and foreign visitors, and the contacts made proved very useful in later years. WORK OF ~HE C.D.B. In the month of .July, .1893, Lady .Aberdeen, President of the Irish Industries ·Association, suggested that the Congested Districts Board and the Association should unite in an effort to improve the manufacture of homes:pun in the Ardara district of County Donegal. This was agreed to by the Board and the improv·ement scheme :provided for the inspection of .the cloth, the stamping of superior pieces, the paymenit df a ;bonus to ;the owner and to the weaver of such stamped pieces,· and the erection of a marit for the storage and sale of the tweed. 10 Mr. W . .J. D. Walker, Glenbanna Mills, Laurencetown, County Down, inventor of the modern hand-loom, was put in complete char.ge of the development of the scheme. A man of sound commercial knowl-· edg2 and traininl5. he .g:ave 101f ih.i!S best to the enterprise, and in a f1ew years Donegal homespun was 'attracting attention at international exhi1bitions, and finding a market in many parts of the world. In 1908 the amount earned by homespun workers in South Donegal alone was well over £11,000. 10 In those days homespun was sold from ·boxes or be!bnches on the public street at 'the local monthly fairs of Ardara and Oarrick. The disadvantages of this· system in inclement weather ·can be easilv imagined, so the Congested Districts Board set out to remedy the situation, and a market-house known as "The Mart" was erected at Ardara, the principal centre. It was offi-
JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY cially opened by the late C'ardinal O'Donnell in 1912. This building fulfilled all the requirements of that visualised by the C.D.IB. as· far back as 1'893; it was used for measuring and inspecting, for btoring and selling. MACHINE-SPUN YARN But a decline had already set in through no faul·t of the small cottage worker or the · material he produced, 1but through the greed and short-sightedne'ss of certain merchants and others who imported from English mills large quantities ·Of machine-spun yarns (often mi~ed with shoddy) which they got woven in.to imitation Donegal Homespun. Outside the area of manufacture few knew the difference, and the market was glutted with this inferior material, 'and prices feU. The late Canon McDyer, P.P., Gortahork, then eurate at Ardara, consulted the Irish IndustrieSI Association with -the object of having le.gal proo·eedings instiituted against those marketing 1an article whtch was ruining the industry. Enquiries 'elicited the fact that the new f:abric was being marketed not as· "Donegal Homespun," but as ''IDonegal Hand-woven Tweed." Consequently 'no action lay against the manufacturers. Thedistinction meantmuch at home, lbut little abroad where all such tweeds are known as "Donegals." WAR OF 1914-18 Gradually the cottage producers started using machine-spun warp which they crossed with homespun weft. Owing to Jack of demand prices and production fel.l in l!912, '13, "14. But the following year the Orea.it War began to have its effect and :a temporary demand was created which gradually increased until it ended in a crash in the early days of June, l920. In that year approximately £70,000 were paid !tlo 1ootta1g€ iprodlu!c:ers :Dor tweed sold in the Ardara Mart alone. The hum of the spinning wheel and the steady throlb of the loom no longer enlivened the hill-side oQtta:~e. :al!l !bad been lbrollig:h t to a sudden sto1>, and thousands of people thrown idle. During the boom years money was• earned quickly and spent readily and, when the slump came, not a · few had all their savings invested in rolls of tweed and bales of wool, which were now practically unsalea.:bl·e at any price. The result was that many families found themselves worse off at the end than they were a-t the beginning. Five years later the iGaeltacht Commission reported as follows:- "Evidence put ·before the Commission goes to show that, for some years past, very few handlooms have !been worked !n Donegal, ·and that ·the industry is now approaching extinction. There are upwards of 600 looms and 1,500' spinning wheels in the South Donegal area alone, and almost an of ·them are at present idle." "ROUND '!iOWiER" TW1EFA> As a r.esult of the Cbmmtsslon's recommendfutions and local appeals a fresh start ·. was made in the autumn of 1928 under the direction of a sub-department of Lands .and Fisheries, late1" known as Gaeltarra Eireann. Gaeltarra took up its local headqua:M.ers in the Ardara Mart. Specialised instruction.· was given in desi,gn.ing and weaving, and within a f,ew months "Round Tower'' tweed was horn. OWing to the fact that it was made from mill-spun yarns it was never quite popular with many of the old producers who·:would like to see the spinning-wheels at work :as· well as the looms. A few familes here and there still made' home-spun but only in ·small quantities. WORLD WAR II T'hs situaotion remained unchanged until the second year of World War rr, when the scarcity of clothing materials lbrought aibout a resumption of work on an unprecedented scale. All the available spinning-wheels were re-harnessed and wheel-Wrights worked nigh1t and day trying to keep pace with the demand for new ones. Homespun fetched prices treble that of the previous boom period, and South-1West Donegal became a verita1ble El Dorado wLth its 2,00() fam.iilles ·employed in :tl'hie· 1ndusitcy.
JOU!tNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY Tfieri -hi---the middle of· -1943. home·- sptin -cam-e under the Textile Ratfoning Scheme and prices eased C:ons.tderably. Later 1n the same ye_ar· r~resentatives of the producers met officials from Gae~tarra ~rid Industry and Commerce. As a. . result Of the Agreement arrived af · the Government promulgated the Homespun Emergency Order (1943) according to which all homespun had to be sold to Gaeltarra Eireann f.or re-sale to the trade. In addition Gaeltarra un-dert-Ook to put into effect elSJborate schemes tor ·the improvement and extension of the industry. It was felt by many in South-West Donegal that homespun was- at last established on a firm and enduring bw:iis. But "the besit laid schemes of mice arid men gang aft agley." The aftermath ··of war has again made itself felt. Homespun has fallen on lean times, and its future lies in the lapof the gods. • • • • NO':MS ON HAND MAlNUFACTURiING EQUIPMENT . ANCIENT AND MODERN DISTAFF AND SfP!liNDW 'Thf m-0.st prlmi•tive 1aippa.ra.tus is the distaff and spindle-, representations of which are to be seen on the ·earliest Egyptian monuments. The distaff was a stick or staff upon which a 1bundle of prepared wool was loosely !bound for feeding to the spindle, and which was attached to· the waist-1belt at the lefthand slde. The spindle was a smaller piec·e of wood tapering at one ·end, at the extremi·ty of which was a notch through which the yarn passed to prevent that on the spindle from un-winding While a fresh piece was being spun. ~he other end was provided with a disc . of. slate or stone to give it weight and. assist it .in rotating. By a dexterous twirl of the hand the Sl>indle .iWas made to .51Ptn round :while the weight of .the spindlewhorl made it re•cede downwards. During 1tbis time ·the spinster fed to_ it a thin sliver of· wool which ~:?.$. being converted into yam while th~. twisting lasted.· \When a new length .had be·en spun the thread was. removed from thie notch, wound on the spindle and the process repeated. .171 THE SPINNING WliE'EL - An improvement on the foregoing method was to ·sell; the spindle in a frame and make it revolve by a band passing over a wheel driven · either by· occasional impe·tus from the hand or by a treadle-this·constitute the spinning-wheel;, which is said to have been invented in Nuremlberg as recently ·as · 1530.* The most improved form ot spinning-wheel is that· known as the small or "Saxon" wheel which was formerly used exclusively for the ~pinning of :f11ax, but later became very popular for woolspinning. With a few exceptions it is the only wheel used f'or wool~ spJnning in South Doneg1al to-day. It h:as ia bloiblbin o:r ,..:pirn" with: separate motion plac·ed on the spindle, Which hirus lbEmt arms eiatled a "heck'' tor winding the yarn on the .boblbln. The spindle and bobbin reV'olve •at different rates, the revolutions · of the spindle gi'Ving the twist, and the difference of' the rate causing the winding on. Later a wheel. was invented that could spin two'threads, -and :then iii 1764 ~ame the spinning-jenny invented by James ·IIargreaves of Blackburn; and time marched on from the s'Pinntrig-wheel. THE HAND LOOM · .The -loom may lbe reckoned as amongst the earliest of man's inventions. Yet, notwithstanding its v:ast iwge, iV\ery liltt1e impirovement was effecited in it in tiMs. .country, down to the advent of the late Con:;:" gested DLsltl'licts Board m 1893. The shuttle was thrown from one .hand to the other through the warpshed. There was no motion or other dev1ce :for 1draiwtng 1a1Way th0 woven cloth. It had ·to be rolled by hand on to the cloth-lbeam Whlle a simUai' len1g:th o;f !Wal'IP was uinrolled from the warp beam. When the Congested Dis·triets Board undertook the improvement of homespun it called to its' as·sistance the late Mr. W. J. D. Walker, Glenibanna ·Mills, County Down. Within a short time Mr. -Walker produced an improved hand-loom for wool-weaving and he, without taking ou~ any patent rights, placed the 1nventlon at the disposal of the BJ:>ard for wea¥ers in congested districts. 10. These looms were supplied w· local weavers on the
JOURNAL OF THE COUNTY DONEGAL ·HISTORICAL SOCIETY loan sys·tem, and are the :tn>e in use to-day. For about twenty years some of the older models continued side by side with their more modem c·ounterparts. · Very few of ~ese old-timers are ~n exis~nce •to-day. I know of just one. It ls· owned and operated by ·Peter Cannon of Croveiban (aiboUt six miles :trom Ardara on ·the Glengesh road to Carrick. · With all his ancient equipment this man can manufacture a cloth able to compete in quality and price with that produced on the newest looms in the district. The power-loom which was invented in England by Dr. Cart- "WTight in 1787. did not find its way to Ireland for a long time after. Otway's .report .on hand-loom weavers discloses that there were no power-looms employed on woollen-weaVing in this country a:s late as 1840. WOOL CARDING Ancient M.S.S. contain many references· to spinning, and weaving, but ·carding is seldom mentioned. ·· 1A reference which I' 1believe :t;o 1be largely traditional connects the name of St. Blaise with this !branch of the work. St. Blaise was B1shop of Sebastia, in Armenia, about 316. He fell foul Of the G1over:nor of C'a1ppad:0ie:ia, a•t whose hands he suffered persecu~ tion and martyrdom. IBefore his death his' 1lesh was systematically torn :by iron combs used' by WoolCombers, for which reason he became the Pa:tron of 'Wool-Manufacturers. The very earliest cards were made by mounting :flower heads of the T·easel Plant on a frame 'Oi'OVided with a handle. In much more recent times this type of card was used for raising the nap on woven cloth. Teasel is a plant somewhat like thistle, and the head is furnished with a large number of stout recurved nooks which grip ·the wool. There is· no record of any of the:se cards haVing been preserved in Ireland, but. the National Museum in Wales has a specimen, so has Sweden and other Continental countries. A fourteenth century manuscrip.t in the iBr1'tish Museum shows the sketch of a· card almost similar in shape to those of the present day, and :a sketch in a fifteenth century manuscript also looks quite modern. n is likely that these early cards were made :by driving spikes or small nails in rows into a wood·en base. A. K..Longfield <Mrs. Leask) author of "Anglo-Irish Trade in the 16'th Century," has stated that hand cards were improved in the 18th century, In all proball:>1llty that was the ibeginning of the wire cards as we know them to~ay. ~~---------:•:---~~~~ Ill FOOT NOTES. I beg to acknowledge the· use of the following works as •the foundation for my paper:- 1. "IreLarul in Pre-Oeltic· Times" (MacAllister). 2. "Snm.:ller Social History of Ireland" (P. W. Joyoe). · 3. "The Ma.king of Ireland and its Undoing" CGreene).. · 4. "Sooiar History of Ireland" (O'Kelly) . 5. "Shm"t Story of the Irish Race" (MacManus). 6. "Economi~ History of 18th and 19th •centuries" (O'Brien). 7. Historical Introduction .to "Modern Irish Trade and Industry" (O'Brien). 8. "A Tour in Ireliand, 1776-79" <Arthur Young) . 9. "Industrial Resources of Ireland" (Dr. Kane). 10. "History of the Congested Districts Board" (Micks). 11. Modern Irish Trade and Industry" (Riordan) . 12. "R.eport of Gaeltacht Commis.. sion" 0925).
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